- History 100. The Animal Histories of Western Civilization. Sahlins.
To quote the French anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss, animals are not only "good to eat" but they are also "good to think." Vegetarian critics might disagree with the first statement, but they cannot disavow the second. This course focuses on the social, cultural, and intellectual histories of animals in the West. Using primary sources alongside the work of historians and others, the course traverses the history of Europe and its colonies since the Ancient World, taking on topics that touch on the contemporary discourses of animal rights, including the Christian idea of dominion, animal cruelty and suffering, animal trials, the rise of the pet society, and animal rights as identity politics. As social history, we consider the uses (and abuses) of animal in agriculture and in civilization, using a series of specific "animal studies" (the pig, the horse, the cat, the dog) to illustrate and identify major historical sociological transformations from antiquity through feudalism to modernity. As intellectual history, the course engages a history of literary and philosophical queries and quarrels about the relations of humans and animals; and, as cultural history, the course considers the representation of animals in a variety of different media, but also investigates the deep classificatory schema that structure our historical relations with the animal world.
Day/Time: TuTh 9:30-11:00
- History 100. Scientists as Servants of the Church and State, 1600-2000. Barker.
Scientists have occupied a privileged place in Western societies since the Scientific Revolution, but can they be trusted? For most of the past four centuries, the answer has been a resounding no. In this course, we explore the evolution of the idea that scientists are free from the duty to uphold the authority of church and state and the frequent attempts to suppress this freedom. Should scientists pursue research only on state-approved topics? Should data be concealed if they threaten religious doctrine or corporate profits? What balance should be struck between efficient, coordinated research and the independence to follow one's own theories? Should scientists engage in politics? We begin by studying the first blueprints for scientific utopias, the imprisonment of Galileo for heresy, and the "citizen's science" of the French Revolution, continue with Darwinism, Einstein, biology under Stalin, Nazi cancer research, and the influence of Cold War anxieties on American high school science curricula, and conclude by investigating the growth of corporate and internationally regulated science at the end of the millennium. The readings combine historical texts with classics of recent scholarship, including Francis Bacon's New Atlantis (1627), Mario Biagioli's Galileo, Courtier: The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism, Emma Spary’s Utopia’s Garden: French Natural History from Old Regime to Revolution, Margaret Jacob and Larry Stewart's Practical Matter: Newton's Science in the Service of Industry and Empire, 1687-1851, Claudia Clark's Radium Girls: Women and Industrial Health Reform, 1910-1935, James Jones' Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, Robert Proctor's The Nazi War on Cancer, and Edward Larson's Pulitzer Prize-winning Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion.
Day/Time: MWF 2:00-3:00
- History 100. Food and Famine: The Historical Roots of the Global Food Crisis. Vanhaute.
In the beginning of the 21st century, the world is confronted with what seems to become the first global food crisis. In this course we research and discuss the relationship between food and famine both in the past and the present. The angle is comparative and global, combining a general view with selected case studies. Central topics include: food and famine in world history; the success and decline of peasant societies; economic growth, globalization and food security.
Day/Time: MWF 3:00-4:00
- History 103B Section 6. Nature and Culture: 19th and 20th Century Environmental History: America and Europe in Comparison. Schuering.
Environmental history is a relatively young discipline. It has sprung from a culture of activism and is now moving towards the mainstream of historical research. While the current state of environmental anxiety and crisis certainly proves its relevance, historians are proceeding to take a more profound look at the changing relationship between humankind and its natural surroundings as it has unfolded since the Industrial Revolution.
This course is an examination of various models and problems in the field. Based on a number of exemplary case studies as well as theoretical and methodological writings, it aims to construct an interdisciplinary framework of analysis, combining history of science and technology with the history of new social movements and economic history. The course will follow the history of the fierce political debates on preservation and protection, on issues of hazards and health, on the management of scarce resources, and on the emergence of a movement that for the first time in history acknowledged the intrinsic value of all living beings.
Students from related fields (i.e. other than history) and the natural sciences are also very welcome to join the discussion.
The course will include a Teaching Library session.
Day/Time: Tu 12:00-2:00
- History 103. Transgression in the History of the Biological and Medical Sciences. Barker.
How do scientists, physicians, governments, and populations respond to transgressions of the natural order, and how do they define 'natural?' What happens to researchers whose theories and data conflict with the accepted facts, or who by merely daring to engage in serious work threaten the status quo? What difference does it make when the changes affect an entire society, an easily identifiable minority, or a small number of individuals?
This seminar investigates some of the fundamental challenges Western civilization, science, and medicine have faced from the Scientific Revolution to the present, from epidemic disease and fraud in the laboratory to racist health care and the collapse of gender, class, and sexual norms. The readings are a selection of recent texts in the history of science and medicine and primary documents, including "Dying in the City of the Blues: Sickle Cell Anemia and the Politics of Race and Health," "The Barbary Plague: The Black Death in Victorian San Francisco," "The Tangled Field: Barbara McClintock's Search for the Patterns of Genetic Control," "Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex," and "The Baltimore Case: A Trial of Politics, Science, and Character."
Day/Time: Th 10:00-12:00
- History 180. The Life Sciences. Lesch.
Since 1750 This course will survey the development of the sciences of living nature from the mid-18th to the late-20th century. Topics include scientific and popular natural history, exploration and discovery, Darwin and evolution, cell theory, the organizational transformation of science, physiology and experimentalism, classical and molecular genetics, and the biomedical-industrial complex. Emphasis is on the formation of fundamental concepts and methods, long-term trends toward specialization, institutionalization, professionalization, and industrialization, and the place of the life sciences in modern societies. Many lectures are illustrated by slides. Two midterms and a final examination. A paper may be substituted for part of the final examination.
Day/Time: TuTh 3:30-5:00