- Rhetoric 132. Rhetoric, Culture and Society. Michael Wintroub.
The great divide separating we “moderns” from the so-called “primitives”—whether our own ancestors or indigenous groups from other cultures—is based on science. Science appears to us as a way of discovering Truth that is wholly divorced from culture, politics, religion, etc., thus radically distinguishing “us” —its practitioners/possessors— from the ways that pre-modern cultures went about making decisions and understanding the natural world. In this course, we will explore the rhetorical foundations of what we call science—that is, we will explore the social, political and cultural roots of an activity that defines itself by its opposition to rhetorical practice, history, politics and culture. Our readings—which will include works on witchcraft, alchemy, astrology, courtly politics, gender and religion—will try to situate the practice of early modern science in these diverse (and seemingly far from scientific) contexts.
Day/Time: M 2-5 PM
- Rhetoric 230. Artificial Intelligence: Theoretical Histories. David Bates.
If Artificial Intelligence is usually associated with the Age of the Computer, the concept has a long and complicated history. As a way of studying the modern problem of AI, this seminar will interrogate the theory of machine intelligence from its early appearance in the Scientific Revolution up to the contemporary era. Our goal will be to explore the intersecting discourses that make up Artificial Intelligence – including psychological, scientific, philosophical, social, and political discourses. We will begin with an intensive reading of Descartes’ thinking about reason and machinery, paying special attention to his physiological work on cognition, as well as the political valence of these new ideas. With the Enlightenment we will focus on the image of the “automaton” and link it with new conceptions of the human, and new economic and political relations in a modernizing society. The nineteenth century is a rich source for modern ideas on “machine intelligence.” We will of course investigate Charles Babbage and his early mechanical computer designs (the Difference Engine, the Analytical Engine), but we will also look at broader cultural forces that brought machines, bodies, and minds into close proximity, for example, via communications technology and theory. The last half of the seminar will focus on the computer era, beginning with early advances in cybernetics and electronic computers in the Second World War, and continuing with post war developments in digital technology and Artificial Intelligence research, stressing the military origins of these disciplines. The concluding sessions will look at some revolutionary new ideas on thinking and bodies that have emerged from new zones of exploration, including biology, phenomenology, and cognitive science.
Some of the texts we will read:
Descartes, Treatise on Man, Passions of the Soul, Discourse on the Method; Otto Mayr, Authority, Liberty, and Automatic Machinery in Early Modern Europe; Rousseau, Second Discourse; articles by Simon Schaffer, Jessica Riskin, and Lorraine Daston on Enlightenment robotics; selected materials on Charles Babbage; Laura Otis, Networking: Communicating with Bodies and Machines in the Nineteenth Century; selected texts by Norbert Weiner et al. on cybernetics; Alan Turing, “Machine Intelligence and Computing”; Paul Edwards, The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America; John von Neumann, “General and Logical Theory of Automata,” The Computer and the Brain; selected texts by Alan Newell and Herbert Simon on logic programs; texts on connectionism; Hubert Dreyfus, What Computers Can’t Do; Douglas Hofstadter, Fluid Analogies and Creative Concepts.
Day/Time: Th 10-1 PM
- Rhetoric 240G, Section 2. Epistemologies of Empire: From the Early Modern to the Modern. Michael Wintroub.
The question of how empires are made, represented, resisted, etc., is not simply political, but epistemic. Indeed, questions that have dominated the history and social studies of science over the past several decades are equally relevant to the history and sociology of colonialism and empire. How does power/knowledge operate so as to efface locality and particularism? What mechanisms/discourses/instrumentalities are operative in extending the reach of power/knowledge beyond specific sites towards the universal? How are local contexts replicated across space and time? In this course we will examine the articulation, mobilization and extension of political/epistemic/spiritual power from the end of the sixteenth through the nineteenth centuries. In particular, we will, examine different ideas/discourses/practices/embodiments of science, gender, religion, class, politics, race, as they intersect, compete, and are transformed in the making of nations and empires; in other words, what are some of the ways that empire is thought about, made and challenged in the early modern and modern periods.
Required Books:
* Jorge Canizares-Esguerra, Nature, Empire, And Nation: Explorations of the History of Science in the Iberian World
* Walter Mignolo, The Darker Side of the Renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality and Colonization
* Michel de Certeau, Possession of Loudun
* Jeffrey N. Peters, Mapping Discord. Allegorical Cartography in Early Modern French Writing
* Chandra Mukerji, Territorial ambitions and the gardens of Versailles
* Kristin Schultz, Tropical Versailles: Empire, Monarchy, and the Portuguese Royal Court in Rio de Janeiro, 1808-1821 (New World in the Atlantic World)
* Ken Alder, The Measure of All Things
* Bruno Latour, The Pasteurization of France
* Richard Drayton, Nature’s Government: Science, Imperial Britain and the ’Improvement’ of the World
* Maya Jasanoff, Edge of Empire: Lives, Culture, and Conquest in the East, 1750-1850
* Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Studies in Travel Writing and Transculturation
* Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection
Day/Time: W 10-1PM
- Rhetoric 240G, Section3. New Directions in Science and Technology Studies. Charis Thompson.
This course is divided into three sections, Theorists and Methods, The Sciences of Life, and Bio- and Necro-politics and STS, and within each section there are further thematic headings. The course serves both to introduce graduate students to science and technology studies and to introduce new works and directions in the field. The syllabus foregrounds the life and biomedical sciences, and thematizes space and trans-place, time and genealogy, disciplines and inter-disciplines, method and / as theory, identity and governance, ethics and objectivity, knowledge and stratification, security and transparency.
This is a book-based class, with the exception of one article by Achille Mbembe that is available as a downloadable pdf online. All reading is required. The books are available at the University Book Store (NOT UNIVERSITY PRESS BOOKS!!!!) and will also be on reserve in the undergraduate library.
Required Text:
Butler, Judith, and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, 2007. Who Sings the Nation-State?: Language, Politics, Belonging. Seagull Books
Carson, John, 2006. The Measure of Merit: Talents, Intelligence, and Inequality in the French and American Republics, 1750-1940. Princeton University Press
Epstein, Steven, 2007. Inclusion: The Politics of Difference in Medical Research. Chicago University Press.
Foucault, Michel, (ed. Paul Rabinow), 2006. Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth. New Press
Galison, Peter, and Lorraine Daston, 2007. Objectivity. Zone Books
Haraway, Donna, 2007. When Species Meet. University Of Minnesota Press
Hayden, Cori, 2003. When Nature Goes Public: The Making and Unmaking of Bioprospecting in Mexico. Princeton University Press
Jasanoff, Sheila, 2007. Designs on Nature: Science and Democracy in Europe and the United States (new edition). Princeton University Press
Landecker, Hannah, 2007. Culturing Life: How Cells Became Technologies. Harvard University Press
Latour, Bruno, 2007. Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory (new edition). Oxford University Press
MacKenzie , Donald, 2006. An Engine, Not a Camera: How Financial Models Shape Markets. MIT Press
Petryna, Adriana, 2002. Life Exposed: Biological Citizens after Chernobyl. Princeton University Press
Rose, Nikolas, 2006. The Politics of Life Itself: Biomedicine, Power, and Subjectivity in the Twenty-First Century. Princeton University Press
Thompson, Charis, 2007. Making Parents: The Ontological Choreography of Reproductive Technologies (paperback). MIT Press
Day/Time: M 2-5 PM
- Rhetoric 244. On Wonder From the Passionate Soul to the Emotional Brain : Affects in Philosophyand Neurobiology Today. Catherine Malabou.
Current research in neurology and neurobiology show that the brain is the very form of subjectivity. This statement does not imply any simple reductionism. It simply insists upon the fact that continental philosophy and critical theory should not continue to ignore the genuine neurological revolution which took place in the late XXth century. The redefinition of the brain, the multiple discoveries that have been made concerning its organization, the end of determinism that follows such discoveries, the end of the conception of the brain as a gathering of rigid and localized areas, had become inescapable. We know now that the brain is plastic.
The brain has always been described through technological metaphors: a hydraulic pump that drives the animal spirits to the muscles, a central telephone exchange that connects or cuts communication, a computer that runs its programs. These metaphors proceed from a centralizing conception of the brain, seen as a machine that works from the top down, that orders movement, controls behavior, and brings about a unity of mind, conscience, and man himself. Cerebral plasticity shatters this conception. The brain learns, differentiates itself, reconstructs itself. Briefly, the plastic brain is a feeling brain.
“The Feeling Brain” is the subtitle of Antonio Damasio’s book Looking for Spinoza, Joy, Sorrow and the Feeling Brain. This book comes after Descartes’ Error. These titles show clearly that a new reading of the philosophical traditional theory of passions is necessary to redefine the role played by affects within consciousness, reason and cognition. Damasio opposes Spinoza’s notion that the human mind is the idea of the human body to Descartes’ dualistic conception of body and soul. For Spinoza, the mind and the body are parallel attributes of the very same substance, and not two distinct substances as in Descartes’ view. The confrontation between Descartes and Spinoza helps to interrogate the role of emotions, affects and feelings in the construction of the self. Neurobiologists show that brain damage may cause profound emotional indifference and unconcern. Brain damage render manifest that loosing emotion is loosing reason, that loosing the body is loosing the mind.
In order to study the importance of affects and loss of affects in the constitution of subjectivity, the course will focus on the central part played by a particular affect, wonder, in Descartes’ Passions of the Soul and in Spinoza’s Ethics (books III and IV).
Starting with the definition of affects in general and of wonder in particular in Descartes and Spinoza, we will study the contemporary philosophical interpretations of these definitions (Deleuze, Derrida, Zizek) and see how the neurological point of view challenges them. If the transition from a wired brain to a plastic brain is a transition from a “brain-machine” to a “brain-world”, it means that suffering from brain damage alters our existential relationship to the world. This implies that the study of the emotional brain cannot be reduced to a theory of passions, but must be considered from a new ontological point of view. The issue of auto-affection and its deconstruction will also be addressed on that point.
Day/Time: Tu 5-7 PM, Th 1-3 PM